A noise audit of human-labeled benchmarks for machine commonsense reasoning.

With the advent of large language models, evaluating and benchmarking these systems on important AI problems has taken on newfound importance. Such benchmarking typically involves comparing the predictions of a system against human labels (or a single 'ground-truth'). However, much recent work in psychology has suggested that most tasks involving significant human judgment can have non-trivial degrees of noise. In his book, Kahneman suggests that noise may be a much more significant component of inaccuracy compared to bias, which has been studied more extensively in the AI community. This article proposes a detailed noise audit of human-labeled benchmarks in machine commonsense reasoning, an important current area of AI research. We conduct noise audits under two important experimental conditions: one in a smaller-scale but higher-quality labeling setting, and another in a larger-scale, more realistic online crowdsourced setting. Using Kahneman's framework of noise, our results consistently show non-trivial amounts of level, pattern, and system noise, even in the higher-quality setting, with comparable results in the crowdsourced setting. We find that noise can significantly influence the performance estimates that we obtain of commonsense reasoning systems, even if the 'system' is a human; in some cases, by almost 10 percent. Labeling noise also affects performance estimates of systems like ChatGPT by more than 4 percent. Our results suggest that the default practice in the AI community of assuming and using a 'single' ground-truth, even on problems requiring seemingly straightforward human judgment, may warrant empirical and methodological re-visiting.

Optimization and Characterization of Protein Extraction from Asparagus Leafy By-Products.

Asparagus production generates significant amounts of by-products during the summer and post-harvest growth period. By-products can be good sources of nutrients and phytochemicals. The interest in increasing the availability of proteins for human consumption has led to the use of new plant sources rich in proteins. The objective of this study was to use response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the aqueous extraction process of proteins from asparagus leafy by-products, for the production of new protein ingredients. The optimum extraction condition was at pH 9, with 40 min of extraction at 50 °C, and the concentration was fixed at 5 g·L-1. The isolate obtained presented 90.48% protein with 43.47% protein yield. Amino acids such as alanine, proline, valine, leucine/isoleucine, asparagine, and phenylalanine were identified, and the antioxidant activity for 2,2 AZINO BIS (3-ethylbenzo thiazoline 6 sulfonic acid diammonium salt) was 145.76 equivalent to Trolox µmol.100g-1 and for DPPH 65.21 equivalent to Trolox µmol.100g-1. The product presented favorable technological properties (water absorption capacity 4.49 g·g-1 and oil absorption capacity 3.47 g·g-1) and the color tended towards dark green (L* 31.91, a* -1.01, b* -2.11). The protein isolate obtained through the extraction optimization process showed high potential to be used as a protein ingredient.

Birth weight and nutritional status in school-age children from Boane city, Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: Birth weight is considered an important marker of inadequate maternal nutrition, and it is a critical indicator of the newborn's health and development. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the influence of low birth weight (LBW) on body composition in 7-10-year-old school children from Boane City-Mozambique. METHODS: A total of 220 children (female = 122 and male = 98) were divided into two groups according to their birth weight (LBW, n = 41; and normal birth weight, NBW, n = 179). Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were analyzed by the indices weight-for-age, height-for-age, BMI-for-age, and weight-for-height. RESULTS: LBW children showed reduced skinfolds, and weight-for-height when compared to NBW children. Birth weight was positively associated with all anthropometric variables, except for BMI, which was not associated with any other variable. The r2 value ranged from .09 (weight-for-age) to .72 (height-for-age). For body composition variables, older children had higher fat mass (ß = .26; 95% CI = 0.05-0.48) and fat-free mass (ß = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.71-1.48), and boys had lower fat percentage (ß = -3.49; 95% CI = -4.35 to -2.65) and fat mass (ß = -.92; 95% CI = -1.31 to -0.55) than girls. Birth weight was also positively associated with fat-free mass. CONCLUSION: LBW seems to influence some growth indicators of children living in Boane, however, current environmental factors seem to weaken this association. Our results suggest that public policies involving healthy nutrition and physical activity can reverse the effects of low weight in children from Boane.

Atopic dermatitis pediatric patients show high rates of nasal and intestinal colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have high rates of colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, which has been associated with worsening of the disease. This study characterized Staphylococcus spp isolates recovered from nares and feces of pediatric patients with AD in relation to antimicrobial susceptibility, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, presence of pvl genes and clonality. Besides, gut bacterial community profiles were compared with those of children without AD. RESULTS: All 55 AD patients evaluated had colonization by Staphylococcus spp. Fifty-three (96.4%) patients had colonization in both clinical sites, whereas one patient each was not colonize in the nares or gut. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the nostrils and feces of 45 (81.8%) and 39 (70.9%) patients, respectively. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolates were found in 70.9% of the patients, and 24 (43.6%) had methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). S. aureus (55.6%) and S. epidermidis (26.5%) were the major species found. The prevalent lineages of S. aureus were USA800/SCCmecIV (47.6%) and USA1100/SCCmecIV (21.4%), and 61.9% of the evaluated patients had the same genotype in both sites. Additionally, gut bacterial profile of AD patients exhibits greater dissimilarity from the control group than it does among varying severities of AD. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of nasal and intestinal colonization by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates were found in AD patients. Besides, gut bacterial profiles of AD patients were distinctly different from those of the control group, emphasizing the importance of monitoring S. aureus colonization and gut microbiome composition in AD patients.

The European Portuguese Version of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale.

Negative symptoms reflect a currently much-untreated loss of normal functioning and are frequently found in psychotic disorders. We present the first translation of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) to European Portuguese and evaluate its validity in a sample of Portuguese male patients with a psychotic spectrum disorder. The Portuguese BNSS showed excellent internal consistency, high convergent validity (i.e., strong correlation with the PANSS negative factor), and high discriminant validity (i.e., a lack of association with the PANSS positive factor). In sum, the present European Portuguese BNSS has shown to be reliable, thus extending this instrument's clinical availability worldwide.

Beach sand plastispheres are hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes and potentially pathogenic bacteria even in beaches with good water quality.

Massive amounts of microplastics are transported daily from the oceans and rivers onto beaches. The ocean plastisphere is a hotspot and a vector for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potentially pathogenic bacteria. However, very little is known about the plastisphere in beach sand. Thus, to describe whether the microplastics from beach sand represent a risk to human health, we evaluated the bacteriome and abundance of ARGs on microplastic and sand sampled at the drift line and supralittoral zones of four beaches of poor and good water quality. The bacteriome was evaluated by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, and the ARGs and bacterial abundances were evaluated by high-throughput real-time PCR. The results revealed that the microplastic harbored a bacterial community that is more abundant and distinct from that of beach sand, as well as a greater abundance of potential human and marine pathogens, especially the microplastics deposited closer to seawater. Microplastics also harbored a greater number and abundance of ARGs. All antibiotic classes evaluated were found in the microplastic samples, but not in the beach sand ones. Additionally, 16 ARGs were found on the microplastic alone, including genes related to multidrug resistance (blaKPC, blaCTX-M, tetM, mdtE and acrB_1), genes that have the potential to rapidly and horizontally spread (blaKPC, blaCTX-M, and tetM), and the gene that confers resistance to antibiotics that are typically regarded as the ultimate line of defense against severe multi-resistant bacterial infections (blaKPC). Lastly, microplastic harbored a similar bacterial community and ARGs regardless of beach water quality. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of microplastics in beach sand worldwide may constitute a potential threat to human health, even in beaches where the water quality is deemed satisfactory. This phenomenon may facilitate the emergence and dissemination of bacteria that are resistant to multiple drugs.

Demographic and socioeconomic determinants of access to care: A subgroup disparity analysis using new equity-focused measurements.

Disparities in healthcare access and utilization associated with demographic and socioeconomic status hinder advancement of health equity. Thus, we designed a novel equity-focused approach to quantify variations of healthcare access/utilization from the expectation in national target populations. We additionally applied survey-weighted logistic regression models, to identify factors associated with usage of a particular type of health care. To facilitate generation of analysis datasets, we built an National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) knowledge graph to help automate source-level dynamic analyses across different survey years and subjects' characteristics. We performed a cross-sectional subgroup disparity analysis of 2013-2018 NHANES on U.S. adults for receipt of diabetes treatments and vaccines against Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), and Human Papilloma (HPV). Results show that in populations with hemoglobin A1c level ≥6%, patients with non-private insurance were less likely to receive newer and more beneficial antidiabetic medications; being Asian further exacerbated these disparities. For widely used drugs such as insulin, Asians experienced insignificant disparities in odds of prescription compared to White patients but received highly inadequate treatments with regard to their distribution in U.S. diabetic population. Vaccination rates were associated with some demographic/socioeconomic factors but not the others at different degrees for different diseases. For instance, while equity scores increase with rising education levels for HBV, they decrease with rising wealth levels for HPV. Among women vaccinated against HPV, minorities and poor communities usually received Cervarix while non-Hispanic White and higher-income groups received the more comprehensive Gardasil vaccine. Our study identified and quantified the impact of determinants of healthcare utilization for antidiabetic medications and vaccinations. Our new methods for semantics-aware disparity analysis of NHANES data could be readily generalized to other public health goals to support more rapid identification of disparities and development of policies, thus advancing health equity.

Aortic Thrombosis Associated with Three Types of COVID-19 Vaccine.

Aortic thrombosis has been studied little in patients with COVID-19 and an association has recently been reported with the vaccine for this disease. The aim of the present study is to report five cases of aortic thrombosis at our institution within a three-month period associated with the COVID-19 vaccine. Five cases of aortic thrombosis were evaluated-three women and two men aged 29, 49, 51, 60, and 79 years. Four thrombi involved the thoracic aortic and one involved the abdominal aorta, with embolisms found in the kidneys, spleen, liver, upper limbs, and lower limbs. Embolectomy was performed on the limbs, and anticoagulant therapy was performed for the abdominal arteries. The patients recovered well and anticoagulant therapy was maintained. Aortic thrombosis is uncommon but was associated with the AstraZeneca vaccine in this case series.

TG-CSR: A human-labeled dataset grounded in nine formal commonsense categories.

Machine Common Sense Reasoning is the subfield of Artificial Intelligence that aims to enable machines to behave or make decisions similarly to humans in everyday and ordinary situations. To measure progress, benchmarks in the form of question-answering datasets have been developed and published in the community to evaluate machine commonsense models, including large language models. We describe the individual label data produced by six human annotators originally used in computing ground truth for the Theoretically-Grounded Commonsense Reasoning (TG-CSR) benchmark's composing datasets. According to a set of instructions, annotators were provided with spreadsheets containing the original TG-CSR prompts and asked to insert labels in specific spreadsheet cells during annotation sessions. TG-CSR data is organized in JSON files, individual raw label data in a spreadsheet file, and individual normalized label data in JSONL files. The release of individual labels can enable the analysis of the labeling process itself, including studies of noise and consistency across annotators.

Biocultural correlates of gross motor coordination in prepubescent children: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: This study aimed to explore the association of gross motor coordination (GMC) with a matrix of biocultural factors in prepubescent children, taking into account weight status, somatic maturation, sociodemographic variables, and type of school. METHODS: One hundred twenty-nine prepubescent children, of both sexes, aged between 8.00 and 8.99, were assessed for GMC (Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder - KTK), weight status, biological maturation (predicted mature stature), sex, mother's education level and type of school. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between higher values of KTK and associated biocultural factors. RESULTS: Normoponderal children are more likely to attain better total KTK scores than those with overweight or obesity (OR: 2.942; LC 95%: 1.189, 7.280). In addition, children who are more advanced in terms of biological maturation exhibited significantly lower odds of being in the high KTK category than their less advanced peers (OR: 0.670; LC 95%: 0.474,0.946). Sex, mother's education level and the type of school are not associated with higher performance on KTK. CONCLUSION: Weight status and biological maturation are associated with motor competence in prepubescent children. Future studies should consider additional correlates to better understand the complex interactions between biological, psychosocial and behavioral factors in the prediction of motor competence.

Investigating the Effects of a New Peptide, Derived from the Enterolobium contortisiliquum Proteinase Inhibitor (EcTI), on Inflammation, Remodeling, and Oxidative Stress in an Experimental Mouse Model of Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap (ACO).

The synthesized peptide derived from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (pep3-EcTI) has been associated with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and it may be a potential new treatment for asthma-COPD overlap-ACO). Purpose: To investigate the primary sequence effects of pep3-EcTI in an experimental ACO. BALB/c mice were divided into eight groups: SAL (saline), OVA (ovalbumin), ELA (elastase), ACO (ovalbumin + elastase), ACO-pep3-EcTI (treated with inhibitor), ACO-DX (treated with dexamethasone), ACO-DX-pep3-EcTI (treated with dexamethasone and inhibitor), and SAL-pep3-EcTI (saline group treated with inhibitor). We evaluated the hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, exhaled nitric oxide, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), mean linear intercept (Lm), inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon (IFN)), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), growth factor (TGF-ß), collagen fibers, the oxidative stress marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transcription factors, and the signaling pathway NF-κB in the airways (AW) and alveolar septa (AS). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and t-tests, significant when p < 0.05. ACO caused alterations in the airways and alveolar septa. Compared with SAL, ACO-pep3-EcTI reversed the changes in the percentage of resistance of the respiratory system (%Rrs), the elastance of the respiratory system (%Ers), tissue resistance (%Gtis), tissue elastance (%Htis), airway resistance (%Raw), Lm, exhaled nitric oxide (ENO), lymphocytes, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ, MMP-12, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, collagen fibers, and iNOS. ACO-DX reversed the changes in %Rrs, %Ers, %Gtis, %Htis, %Raw, total cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ, MMP-12, TGF-ß, collagen fibers, and iNOS. ACO-DX-pep3-EcTI reversed the changes, as was also observed for the pep3-EcTI and the ACO-DX-pep3-EcTI. Significance: The pep3-EcTI was revealed to be a promising strategy for the treatment of ACO, asthma, and COPD.

Bioprospecting for Isoetes cangae Endophytes with Potential to Promote Plant Growth.

Isoetes cangae is a native plant found only in a permanent pond in Serra dos Carajás in the Amazon region. Plant-associated microbial communities are recognized to be responsible for biological processes essential for the health, growth, and even adaptation of plants to environmental stresses. In this sense, the aims of this work were to isolate, identify, and evaluate the properties of endophytic bacteria isolated from I. cangae. The bioprospecting of potentially growth-promoting endophytes required the following steps to be taken: isolation of endophytic colonies, molecular identification by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and evaluation of the bacterial potential for nitrogen fixation, production of indole acetic acid and siderophores, as well as phosphate solubilization and mineralization. Bacillus sp., Rhizobium sp., Priestia sp., Acinetobacter sp., Rossellomorea sp., Herbaspirillum sp., Heyndrickxia sp., and Metabacillus sp., among other bacterial species, were identified. The isolates showed to be highly promising, evidencing the physiological importance for the plant and having the potential to promote plant growth.

The Impact of Highly Weathered Oil from the Most Extensive Oil Spill in Tropical Oceans (Brazil) on the Microbiome of the Coral Mussismilia harttii.

In 2019, the largest oil spill ever recorded in tropical oceans in terms of extent occurred in Brazil. The oil from the spill was collected directly from the environment and used in an exposure experiment with the endangered reef-building coral Mussismilia harttii. The treatments of the experiment were control (without oil), 1% oil, 2.5% oil, and direct contact of coral with oil. The most abundant hydrocarbon in the seawater of the experiment was phenatrene, which is toxic to corals. However, overall, the concentration of PAHs was not very high. The analysis of the maximum photosynthetic capacity of Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates showed a small impact of oil on corals, mainly on the contact treatment. However, coral microbiomes were affected in all oil treatments, with the contact treatment showing the most pronounced impact. A greater number and abundance of stress-indicating and potentially pathogenic bacteria were found in all oil treatments. Finally, this highly weathered oil that had lain in the ocean for a long time was carrying potentially coral-pathogenic bacteria within the Vibrionaceae family and was able to transmit some of these bacteria to corals. Bacteria within Vibrionaceae are the main causes of disease in different species of corals and other marine organisms.

Perfusion and Ultrasonication Produce a Decellularized Porcine Whole-Ovary Scaffold with a Preserved Microarchitecture.

The application of decellularized scaffolds for artificial tissue reconstruction has been an approach with great therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. Recently, biomimetic ovarian tissue reconstruction was proposed to reestablish ovarian endocrine functions. Despite many decellularization methods proposed, there is no established protocol for whole ovaries by detergent perfusion that is able to preserve tissue macro and microstructure with higher efficiency. This generated biomaterial may have the potential to be applied for other purposes beyond reproduction and be translated to other areas in the tissue engineering field. Therefore, this study aimed to establish and standardize a protocol for porcine ovaries' decellularization based on detergent perfusion and ultrasonication to obtain functional whole-ovary scaffolds. For that, porcine ovaries (n = 5) were perfused with detergents (0.5% SDS and 1% Triton X-100) and submitted to an ultrasonication bath to produce acellular scaffolds. The decellularization efficiency was evaluated by DAPI staining and total genomic DNA quantification. ECM morphological evaluation was performed by histological, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural analyses. ECM physico-chemical composition was evaluated using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. A cytocompatibility and cell adhesion assay using murine fibroblasts was performed. Results showed that the proposed method was able to remove cellular components efficiently. There was no significant ECM component loss in relation to native tissue, and the scaffolds were cytocompatible and allowed cell attachment. In conclusion, the proposed decellularization protocol produced whole-ovaries scaffolds with preserved ECM composition and great potential for application in tissue engineering.

Fractal analysis of dental periapical radiographs: A revised image processing method.

OBJECTIVE: To assess trabecular bone structure as calculated with fractal analysis by 2 binarization processes: White and Rudolph's original method (WR.o) and a revised version (WR.r). Fractal dimension (FD) values calculated with WR.r (FD.r) and a gray-scale-based method (FD.f) were also compared. FD, histogram parameters, and lacunarity were compared by dentate status, jaw location, and sex. STUDY DESIGN: Regions of interest from digital periapical radiographs were defined below the teeth roots and in the edentulous sites of 37 patients. Histograms were assessed for pixel values. Binarization was performed with WR.o and then with WR.r, in which the outliers were removed. FD was assessed using WR.r (FD.r) and (FD.f). Histograms were assessed to obtain pixel values. Lacunarity was calculated. RESULTS: WR.r revealed fewer trabeculae, branches, and junctions than WR.o (P < .0001). The majority of the mean differences between FD.r and FD.f were within the 95% CI. Dentate areas had greater mean gray levels than partially edentulous areas (P = .0027). FD.f was higher in the mandible (P = .01), but gray-level SD (P < .0001) and lacunarity (P = .02) were greater in the maxilla. FD.f and lacunarity were higher (P = .0005) and lower (P = .0014) in males, respectively. CONCLUSION: WR.r was effective in revealing skeletonized bone trabeculae by removing non-trabecular noise. FD.r and FD.f revealed good agreement. FD.f, histogram parameters, and lacunarity differed based on dentate status, jaw location, and sex.

Predicting bipolar disorder I/II in individuals at clinical high-risk: Results from a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: No systematic review has estimated the consistency and the magnitude of the risk of developing bipolar disorder I-II (BD-I/II) in individuals at clinical high risk for bipolar disorder (CHR-BD). METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched until April 2022 in this pre-registered (PROSPERO CRD42022346515) PRISMA-compliant systematic review to identify longitudinal studies in individuals meeting pre-defined CHR-BD criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and results were systematically synthesized around CHR-BD criteria across follow-up periods and different subgroups. RESULTS: Altogether, 13 studies were included reporting on nine prospective independent cohorts (n = 678 individuals at CHR-BD). The mean age of participants was 15.7 years (range 10.1-22.6 years), and 54.2 % were females. The most common CHR-BD subgroup was subthreshold mania (55.5 %), followed by BD-Not Otherwise Specified (BD-NOS: 33.3 %). Development of BD I/II ranged from 7.1 % to 23.4 % after 2 years. Development of BD-I ranged from 3.4 % at 4 years to 23 % at 8 years. Development of BD-II ranged from 10 % at 2 years to 63.8 % at 4 years. The risk of developing BD-I appeared highest in those meeting BD-NOS criteria (23 % at eight years). Predictors of development of BD were identified but remained mostly unreplicated. The quality of the included studies was moderate (NOS = 5.2 ± 1.1). CONCLUSIONS: Emerging data from research studies point towards the promising utility of CHR-BD criteria. These studies may pave the way to the next generation of research, implementing detection, prognostication, and preventive interventions in individuals at CHR-BD identified and followed in clinical practice.

The microbial profile of rivers and lagoons three years after the impact of the world's largest mining disaster (Fundão dam, Brazil).

The collapse of the Fundão tailings dam (Minas Gerais, Brazil) was the largest environmental disaster in Brazil's history and in the world mining industry. This disaster carried approximately 55 million m3 of iron ore tailings along the rivers and the lagoons of the Doce river basin. Although multiple studies assessed the impact on microbial communities in those rivers and lagoons right after the dam rupture, it is not known whether the microbiome in those environments remains impacted years after the disaster. Assessing the microbiome is very important to evaluate impacts and evaluate the health of the environment, due to the several ecological roles played by microorganisms. Here, we evaluated the impact of the dam failure on water and sediment bacteriome and archaeome by high-throughput next-generation sequencing. Samples were taken from two rivers and six lagoons during the dry and rainy seasons approximately three years post disturbance. The results showed a large number and abundance of microbial groups associated with the presence of heavy metals and mine tailings sediments. Some of these microorganisms were also reported in large abundance in the impacted rivers shortly after the Fundão dam rupture. Among the most abundant microorganisms in the Doce River, we can highlight the bacteria hgcI clade and the archaea Nitrososphera sp. in the water, and the bacteria Anaerolineaceae sp. in the sediment. These results suggest that the microbiome of the rivers and the lagoons in the Doce river basin remains severely impacted by the Fundão tailings dam failure even three years after the disaster. The presence of those microorganisms can also help to assess the occurrence of the Fundão dam sediment in other environments.

Actinomycosis in the maxilla of a young asymptomatic patient: unusual case report / Actinomicose em maxila de um paciente jovem assintomático: relato de caso incomum

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to report an unusual case of actinomycosis in the maxilla region of an asymptomatic patient. A 21-year-old white man was referred for the analysis of panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography, where it was observed the presence of a hypodense lesion on the left side of the maxilla, which extended from the maxillary left central incisor to the region of the maxillary left second premolar. During intraoral examination, a depression was observed in the hard palate mucosa, as well as a fistula in the alveolar mucosa close to maxillary left central incisor, which had pulp vitality confirmed by thermal tests. A fistulography was performed, with periapical radiography, where it was found that the fistulous path did not originate from the tooth mentioned above. An incisional biopsy was performed for diagnostic purposes. However, given the inconclusive microscopic findings, four months later, a new biopsy was performed. The histopathological examination revealed the presence of a colony of microoganisms with filamentous pattern of radiated rosette, surrounded by polymorphonuclear inflammatory cells. Based on the morphological characteristics, the diagnosis of actinomycosis was established. The treatment was based on antibiotic therapy. Six months after treatment of the infection, no signs of recurrence were observed, and the patient remains in follow-up. Actinomycosis in the maxilla is an uncommon infection with a predilection for males between the ages of 20 and 60, whose treatment is antibiotic therapy associated or not with surgical excision.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso incomum de actinomicose em região de maxila de um paciente assintomático. Um homem de 21 anos, branco, foi encaminhado para análise de radiografia panorâmica e tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico, onde foi observada a presença de lesão hipodensa do lado esquerdo da maxila, que se estendia da região do incisivo central superior esquerdo ao segundo pré-molar superior esquerdo. Ao exame intrabucal, observou-se depressão na mucosa do palato duro, bem como fístula na mucosa alveolar próxima ao incisivo central superior esquerdo, no qual tinha vitalidade pulpar confirmada pelos testes térmicos. Uma fistulografia com radiografia periapical foi realizada, onde foi observado que o trajeto fistuloso não era originado do dente mencionado anteriormente. Foi realizada biópsia incisional para fins diagnósticos. Porém, diante dos achados microscópicos inconclusivos, quatro meses depois, uma nova biópsia foi realizada. O exame histopatológico revelou a presença de colônia de microrganismos com padrão filamentoso de roseta irradiada, circundado por células inflamatórias polimorfonucleares. Com base nas características morfológicas, foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de actinomicose. O tratamento foi baseado em antibioticoterapia. Seis meses após o tratamento da infecção, não foram observados sinais de recidiva e o paciente permanece em acompanhamento. A actinomicose da maxila é uma infecção incomum, com predileção por pacientes do sexo masculino com idade entre 20 e 60 anos, cujo tratamento é antibioticoterapia associada ou não à excisão cirúrgica.

Risco de queda relacionado a medicamentos em hospitais: abordagem de aprendizado de máquina / Riesgo de caída relacionado con medicamentos en hospitales: enfoque de aprendizaje de máquina / Drug-related fall risk in hospitals: a machine learning approach

Resumo Objetivo Comparar o desempenho de modelos de aprendizado de máquina com o Medication Fall Risk Score (MFRS) na previsão de risco de queda relacionado a medicamentos prescritos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle retrospectivo de pacientes adultos e idosos de um hospital terciário de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Medicamentos prescritos e classes de medicamentos foram investigados. Os dados foram exportados para o software RStudio para análise estatística. As variáveis foram analisadas por meio dos algoritmos de Regressão Logística, Naive Bayes, Random Forest e Gradient Boosting. A validação do algoritmo foi realizada usando validação cruzada de 10 vezes. O índice de Youden foi a métrica selecionada para avaliar os modelos. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados O modelo de aprendizado de máquina que apresentou melhor desempenho foi o desenvolvido pelo algoritmo Naive Bayes. O modelo construído a partir de um conjunto de dados de um hospital específico apresentou melhores resultados para a população estudada do que o MFRS, uma ferramenta generalizável. Conclusão Ferramentas de previsão de risco que dependem de aplicação e registro adequados por parte dos profissionais demandam tempo e atenção que poderiam ser alocados ao cuidado do paciente. Modelos de previsão construídos por meio de algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina podem ajudar a identificar riscos para melhorar o atendimento ao paciente.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar el desempeño de modelos de aprendizaje de máquina con Medication Fall Risk Score (MFRS) para la previsión del riesgo de caída relacionado con medicamentos prescriptos. Métodos Se trata de un estudio caso-control retrospectivo de pacientes adultos y adultos mayores de un hospital terciario de Porto Alegre, estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se investigaron los medicamentos prescriptos y las clases de medicamentos. Los datos fueron exportados al software RStudio para el análisis estadístico. Las variables se analizaron a través de los algoritmos de regresión logística Naive Bayes, Random Forest y Gradient Boosting. La validación del algoritmo se realizó usando validación cruzada de 10 veces. El índice de Youden fue la métrica seleccionada para evaluar los modelos. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados El modelo de aprendizaje de máquina que presentó el mejor desempeño fue el desarrollado por el algoritmo Naive Bayes. El modelo construido a partir de un conjunto de datos de un hospital específico presentó mejores resultados en la población estudiada que el MFRS, una herramienta generalizada. Conclusión Herramientas de previsión de riesgo que dependen de la aplicación y el registro adecuados por parte de los profesionales demandan tiempo y atención que podría ser destinado al cuidado del paciente. Modelos de previsión construidos mediante algoritmos de aprendizaje de máquina pueden ayudar a identificar riesgos para mejorar la atención al paciente.

Abstract Objective To compare the performance of machine-learning models with the Medication Fall Risk Score (MFRS) in predicting fall risk related to prescription medications. Methods This is a retrospective case-control study of adult and older adult patients in a tertiary hospital in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Prescription drugs and drug classes were investigated. Data were exported to the RStudio software for statistical analysis. The variables were analyzed using Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting algorithms. Algorithm validation was performed using 10-fold cross validation. The Youden index was the metric selected to evaluate the models. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results The machine-learning model showing the best performance was the one developed by the Naive Bayes algorithm. The model built from a data set of a specific hospital showed better results for the studied population than did MFRS, a generalizable tool. Conclusion Risk-prediction tools that depend on proper application and registration by professionals require time and attention that could be allocated to patient care. Prediction models built through machine-learning algorithms can help identify risks to improve patient care.

Effects of aerobic exercise training in oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis markers on prefrontal cortex in obese mice.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of Aerobic Physical Training (AET) on the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative balance in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) of leptin deficiency-induced obese mice (ob/ob mice). METHODS: Then, the mice were submitted to an 8-week protocol of aerobic physical training (AET) at moderate intensity (60% of the maximum running speed). In the oxidative stress, we analyzed Malonaldehyde (MDA) and Carbonyls, the enzymatic activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST), non-enzymatic antioxidant system: reduced glutathione (GSH), and Total thiols. Additionally, we evaluated the gene expression of PGC-1α SIRT-1, and ATP5A related to mitochondrial biogenesis and function. RESULTS: In our study, we did not observe a significant difference in MDA (p = 0.2855), Carbonyl's (p = 0.2246), SOD (p = 0.1595), and CAT (p = 0.6882) activity. However, the activity of GST (p = 0.04), the levels of GSH (p = 0.001), and Thiols (p = 0.02) were increased after 8 weeks of AET. Additionally, there were high levels of PGC-1α (p = 0.01), SIRT-1 (p = 0.009), and ATP5A (p = 0.01) gene expression after AET in comparison with the sedentary group. CONCLUSIONS: AET for eight weeks can improve antioxidant defense and increase the expression of PGC-1α, SIRT-1, and ATP5A in PFC of ob/ob mice.